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Vitalik: Breaking the Three Difficulties of Blockchain, Promoting zkEVM Adoption by 2026
Vitalik Buterin announced on X on Saturday that Ethereum has "solved" the three difficulties of blockchain. PeerDAS has launched on the mainnet, and zkEVM has achieved production-level performance. Buterin stated, "This is not just talk on paper, but actual running code," with only security enhancements remaining. Full implementation is expected between 2026 and 2030.
What is the three difficulties of blockchain? Why are they hard to solve?
The three difficulties refer to the complexity of building a blockchain network that can simultaneously achieve decentralization, security, and scalability, while ensuring these three pillars do not interfere with each other. Generally, most blockchains in their early stages must prioritize one or two of these pillars, such as speed and security, and then gradually work to balance all three.
In his post, Buterin used Bitcoin as an example, pointing out that the network's design goal is "high decentralization" and security, but it faces scalability issues. Bitcoin processes 1...