Scalability and Security in Parallel: A Comprehensive Analysis of Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum is scheduled to undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which act like 12 precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and efficiency. Below, I will categorize these 12 EIPs and explain in simple terms what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum Faster and More Capacity

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing efficiency for Layer 2 scaling solutions.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Problem: Since the Dencun upgrade introduced “Blob” data for cheap Layer 2 data storage, a key issue has arisen: how to ensure the massive amount of data is truly available? Currently, each validator downloads and verifies all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 blobs, this is manageable. But if future blocks carry more (e.g., 128 blobs), downloading and verifying all blobs becomes costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check all” approach into “sample and verify.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the full blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—they randomly download and check a few data slices.

4. Validators then cross-verify and exchange results to collectively confirm the data’s integrity and availability.

It’s like a big puzzle: everyone has only a few pieces, but by checking key connections, they can confirm the whole puzzle is intact. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea has been successfully implemented in projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS fills a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling plan.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage requirements for validators, clearing a major obstacle to large-scale data capacity expansion. In the future, each block could hold hundreds of blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, while allowing ordinary users to run validators and maintain decentralization.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Problem: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity changes rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka to adjust blob limits is too slow and can’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO). It’s a lightweight upgrade that only modifies a few parameters related to blobs (e.g., target blobs per block), without complex code changes. Node operators can simply accept new parameters at a specified time, similar to updating a configuration file online.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans to execute two consecutive BPO upgrades to double blob capacity gradually. This allows flexible, on-demand scaling of blob space, smoothing out throughput increases and reducing risks.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Problem: The previous blob fee adjustment mechanism was too volatile. When demand was low, fees dropped near zero, failing to stimulate demand and creating a “lowest price” scenario. When demand surged, fees spiked, causing high costs. This price volatility made fee planning difficult for Layer 2 projects.

Solution: EIP-7918 proposes fixing blob fees within a reasonable range, with a “minimum spend” anchored to Layer 2 execution costs. Whether updating state roots or verifying ZK proofs, these costs are relatively stable and less affected by transaction volume. Tying blob fee limits to this stable anchor prevents wild price swings.

Significance: This prevents fee “race-to-the-bottom” or “race-to-the-top,” making Layer 2 operation costs more predictable. Stable fees help projects set more reliable transaction costs, avoiding rollercoaster experiences for users.

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Problem: The block gas limit (~30 million) has remained unchanged for years. Increasing throughput requires raising this limit, but without compromising decentralization or hardware requirements.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default gas limit to a new level (e.g., 45 million or higher). It’s a recommendation to guide validators to accept higher limits gradually.

Significance: More transactions per block mean higher TPS and less congestion. However, higher limits demand better hardware, so the community will proceed cautiously.

Security and Stability! Building a Robust Network

While scaling, ensuring network security is paramount. The Ethereum Foundation launched the “Trillion Dollar Security” plan in May 2025 to build a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka support this goal, acting like stronger brakes and guardrails.

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Problem: Ethereum’s “gas limit” controls transaction complexity but not the physical size of blocks. Attackers could craft “data bombs”—large, low-cost transactions that inflate block size without much computation, slowing propagation and risking DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB per block size. Blocks exceeding this are rejected.

Significance: Like regulating truck sizes on highways, this ensures blocks propagate quickly, reducing delays and improving resilience against attacks.

EIP-7825: Set Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Problem: While total gas per block is limited, individual transactions have no cap. Malicious actors could craft a single transaction consuming nearly all block resources, delaying others.

Solution: Limit each transaction to 16.77 million gas. Complex transactions exceeding this must be split.

Significance: Ensures fairness and predictability, preventing “big transactions” from monopolizing block space.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Problem: ModExp (modular exponentiation) is used in cryptography but has vulnerabilities: no input length limit and low gas cost, enabling potential attacks.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input length to 8192 bits.

• EIP-7883: Increase gas costs for large inputs, making attacks more expensive.

Significance: These measures remove attack vectors, ensuring the ModExp precompile is safe and resource-aware.

Developer Tools! Enhancing Application Building

Fusaka also introduces new tools for developers, making building on Ethereum more powerful.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Problem: Devices like iPhones, bank security keys, and hardware modules use secp256r1 (P-256), but Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits hardware wallet compatibility.

Solution: Add a precompile to support and verify secp256r1 signatures natively.

Significance: Opens the door for billions of devices to securely sign Ethereum transactions directly, lowering barriers and boosting Web3 adoption.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Problem: Counting leading zeros in a 256-bit number is common in cryptography and ZK proofs but lacks a direct opcode in EVM, leading to costly Solidity code.

Solution: Introduce a “CLZ” opcode to perform this operation efficiently.

Significance: Provides developers with a powerful tool, reducing gas costs for math-heavy applications like ZK rollups.

Network Optimization! Invisible Improvements for a Healthier Ecosystem

Two less-visible EIPs focus on long-term network health.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Problem: As history grows, new nodes face large data downloads, raising barriers. Some old data is no longer needed after the merge.

Solution: Implement “data expiry” and streamline receipts, allowing nodes to skip old data, reducing sync size by about 530GB.

Significance: Lowers entry barriers, encouraging more nodes, strengthening decentralization.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order & Pre-Confirmation

Problem: Current Layer 2 rollups rely on a central sequencer, risking censorship and MEV extraction. Moving to a more decentralized ordering via the L1 proposer introduces delays, hurting user experience.

Solution: Modify consensus to precompute and publish the proposer schedule, making future block proposers predictable and verifiable.

Significance: Enables “Based Rollup” models, allowing Layer 2 to coordinate with L1 proposers for near-instant confirmation, combining decentralization with fast finality.

Why Is Fusaka the Right Upgrade at the Right Time?

Fusaka isn’t just a technical upgrade; it’s a strategic move in a context where Ethereum is increasingly used for real-world assets and large-scale finance. Currently, Ethereum hosts over 56% of stablecoin supply, becoming the backbone of global digital dollar settlements. Fusaka aims to prepare Ethereum for “Wall Street-level” assets and transaction volumes.

• For Institutional Layer 2 Chains: It provides the “fuel” for unlimited scaling, reducing data costs and enabling specialized chains for compliance and large enterprise needs.

• For Building a $1 Trillion Security Network: It fortifies security measures, closing vulnerabilities, and supporting assets worth trillions.

In summary, Fusaka’s clear focus on “scaling and security” positions Ethereum to capitalize on favorable regulations and market trends, transforming from a speculative asset into a mainstream financial infrastructure.

Conclusion: Quiet but Deep Transformation

As a major upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target key issues of scalability, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, readying it for massive future users, assets, and applications.

For ordinary users, these changes may seem subtle, but their impact will be profound. A stronger, faster, safer Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—be it a global instant settlement network or “On-Chain Wall Street.” Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

This analysis is based on publicly available information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please DYOR and proceed cautiously.

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